• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
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    • 专利摘要:
    Vertical axis fractal wind turbine. Vertical axis wind turbine, in which a fractal blade design is used, where the blade is controlled in free-form angle of attack in the 360° of the revolution, to optimize the torque of 90º plus 90º active of position of rotation, and to minimize turbulence and resistance to rotation in the remaining 90º plus 90º passive of full rotation. The fractal blade has ailerons that vary therefore the geometry of the profile to make the push go in the proper direction at 90º plus 90º where it occurs. The turbine requires external sensors to control said ailerons and the positioning angle by computer algorithm. It is mounted on a rotating circular platform and the blade is free at the top.
    公开号:ES2661060A1
    申请号:ES201631253
    申请日:2016-09-27
    公开日:2018-03-27
    发明作者:Aida Maria MANZANO KHARMAN
    申请人:Aida Maria MANZANO KHARMAN；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Vertical axis fractal wind turbine. OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
    The present invention relates to a vertical axis wind turbine, with step and variable fractal blade geometry, computer controlled, which provides better performance and performance compared to conventional turbines.
    The invention is part of the devices for collecting kinetic energy from wind, or wind energy, to transform it into electrical energy by converting the movement of the laminar air flow (or even turbulent flow at certain scales in this proposal), in a circular movement thanks to a system of rotating blades that drive an electric generator, which can be alternating or direct current. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
    Wind turbines are the main system for capturing renewable energy from wind. Most of the systems fall into two categories, Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT), the traditional ones that exist in most of the wind farms in the form of three-pronged propellers supported by high columns and with the alternator on top of it, and Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT). Both systems have advantages and disadvantages, while HAWT turbines have a circular area that thanks to an essential orientation system is automatically placed frontally to the wind, VAWT turbines traditionally operate insensitively to the direction of the wind, when cost of presenting only an angle of operation of the blade of at most 180º in the rotation. Traditional models such as the Darrieus turbine even give thrust contrary to the direction of rotation during a certain angle, which means that they need a starter to start turning, and the torque provided undergoes tremendous oscillations, damaging the engine / generator structures located in soil. However, VAWT turbines have advantages, such as the one mentioned that the generator may be on the ground. But they also present other possible advantages such as the lower turbulence generated in leeward, which can make its use interesting in wind farms, where in theory it could be put more turbines per square meter of land. A HAWT turbine on the other hand needs to leave a distance between the next 20 diameters of the propeller, so that the leeward flow ceases to be turbulent. A VAWT turbine is better in this aspect, since it requires a distance of 10 diameters from the next one. Alternating the directions of rotation of them can reduce this distance to about 4 diameters, which results in a greater use of the land available in the wind farm and a greater production of kWh per square meter. However, they are not all advantages for VAWT turbines, since there are two factors that have slowed their use, the one mentioned that they do not produce torque during the entire rotation angle of the rotor and the most important, that the wind speed is not constant according to the height, being slower the closer we are to the ground. Both typically make vertical axis turbines produce 50% power over horizontal axis turbines in high turret for the same installation inversion.
    The theoretical limits of the turbines are given by the Betz formula, which presupposes a laminar flow at the entrance and exit of the turbine, being 59% of the total kinetic energy of the incoming wind which can be extracted. The maximum of Betz is produced for a wind output speed after the turbine equal to 1/3 of the input speed. The reality is that the outflow is not laminar, it has a turbulent structure, in principle helically rotating in a HAWT turbine, which makes it useless for the next turbine in a wind farm and therefore requires so much distance between them.
    Both models have other efficiency limitations. The propeller blades of HAWT turbines are only effective on the outside, farthest from the shaft. For example, the inner half of the propeller blades only contributes 25% of the rotor power. We can say that much of the blade is wasted, in fact ¼ of the central part of the blades of the propeller only contributes 6% of the power. In the case of VAWT turbines, the problem appears with the different wind speed in the lower part of the blade closest to the ground, but the whole blade is equally useful. However, the difference in speed in height is a very important problem in VAWT turbines.
    In fact, some turbulent flows occur on land that could have wind potential but which, being surrounded by geographical accidents, produce negative speeds with respect to the upper part of the turbine.
    Finally, it should be noted that the state of the art prior to the invention is very much about the optimization of the turbines themselves, but not so much is said about the optimization of the turbine's outflow, something that can have a disastrous effect on the insertion of it
    in the wind farm. We cite studies (³Optimization of Wind Turbine Airfoils / Blades and Wind Farm Layouts ”, Chen Xiamin, Doctoral Thesis 2014 University of Washington) where genetic algorithms are used to optimize power in wind farms looking for the distribution configurations of turret heights, radios of the propellers and distances between them. This approach, although interesting, suffers from the approach of considering the role of avoiding turbulence at all costs, instead of considering whether it can be an ally in the system, if we know how to control it. Using genetic algorithms is a widely used method to find the optimum when the number of variables is huge and the search by trial and error is impracticable. The problem is that current HAWT gut turbines that are so widespread today are designed with “voraces” algorithms, that is, the turbine itself is sought to be optimized but the entire process of energy extraction from the wind farm is not optimized for a cost. terrain given. If we try it by genetic algorithms when we have to design the park but the turbines are given to us, we run the risk of reaching a local optimum, which may not be the optimum of the entire system from start to finish, that is, our algorithm It is voracious. Therefore, it would be interesting that our turbines, in some way, can be controlled not only to extract the best energy from the wind (which should enter us in a laminar way), but that they could be controlled so that we decide if we want to extract something less energy at a given time and leave an outflow not so turbulent, or even that the turbine can accept some kind of somewhat turbulent flow, unless it is able to withstand the flow as the previous turbine would leave it to us. This should be a quality parameter of the turbine and this is where we will enter next. Both possibilities, if produced (turbine that accepts somewhat turbulent flow and leaves no much more turbulent output flow), would make the entire wind farm tremendously flexible, which would adapt to any distribution of winds and flows, as a whole, thanks to the Central control of all turbines. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
    The invention will face one of the biggest problems of both vertical axis and horizontal axis turbines which is the transformation of wind energy to kinetic energy with a turbulent wind flow. To do this, two levels of fractality have been added to the turbine. In fact, in order to be able to use the turbulent winds of low speeds that are closer to the ground at the same time as the laminar winds of higher speeds, the turbine is made up of ³fractical´ blades of smaller and smaller scale, as they are closer to the ground, and as a whole is a three-seater turbine the size of the height of the vertical blade and turning radius of the platform that supports them. Each of the blades has the possibility of turning in different directions on the axis that supports them, thus allowing greater efficiency because they can work even in the extreme case with winds from opposite directions, that is winds that in a part of the revolution are in different sense or direction. In turn, to take advantage of the winds of higher velocity laminar flow (which are usually the only winds that take advantage of conventional turbines) the fractal scale of the blade decreases downwards, so that at a lower height it tolerates greater turbulence. When talking about scales, we define the concept of fractal, indicating that the structure is repetitive at a lower scale, by the invention it is called a fractal blade turbine, or simply, a fractal turbine.
    As for the operation of the turbine, each fractal scale will be composed of three sub-blades held in a vertical axis. These blades will have a symmetrical profile coded as NACA 0012, but their geometry will be variable thanks to a rear wing, similar to those of the plane wings, thus allowing greater efficiency as it will be possible to adjust the direction of the rear wing according to the direction and the wind speed through a computer with an optimization program. That is, the blade has two degrees of freedom, angle of attack and angle of curvature of the wing. It should be noted that the blade is mounted on the axis that is placed as usual in the center of thrust of a symmetrical profile that is ¼ away from the leading edge with respect to the rope of the profile. As this axis rotates in reverse direction to the circular platform and at approximately the same speed, the blade is always facing the wind, with a slight angle of attack and with the spoiler in one of the three positions that will be seen in the description of the drawings . This is the other essential point of the invention, it is a vertical axis turbine but the blades are not integral to the axis of rotation, unlike Darrieus turbines, so that the vertical turbine of the invention is no longer insensitive to the wind direction and precise external sensor to orient the blades.
    The blade has four fundamental working modes, two of 90º in which it works and produces torque when the turning movement is approximately transverse to the wind, and two of 90º in which the profile is strictly parallel to the wind to offer minimum resistance, unlike what happens in Darrieus turbines in which the blade does not adapt and sometimes produces even negative thrust in the direction of rotation.
    The fractal blades will be mounted on a vertical axis inserted at 1/4 of the edge of the attack with respect to the rope of the blade, axis that in turn can rotate 360º driven by a stepper motor, which will allow the variability of the angle of shovel attack. The thrust of the NACA0012 profile is carried out approximately at this point, just above the axis and is transmitted to the circular platform that supports three fractal blades, without there being any torque to make the stepper motor suffer that turns upside down. platform and controls the angle of attack since as we said the axis is inserted in the center of thrust of the blade. The relative size of the shovel's fractal decomposition follows a 1.6 ratio. Studies show that the fractal dimension of wind is 1.6 although they refer to the temporal dimension (³Fractal dimension of wind speed time series ”, Tian-Pau Chand, Applied Energy Vol. 93, 2012). If we assume that the wind is an ergodic process (its temporal distribution is equal to its spatial distribution), we take this factor as indicative of the decomposition of the blade into similar repetitive structures on a smaller scale (fractals). It is done in the dimensions x and y. Similarly with the third level of fractality. The system will have an algorithmic computer control incorporated, which will be responsible for controlling the pitch angle, the blade geometry and, above all, controlling that the wind flow is as turbulent as possible, even if this means a smaller measured output. individually in each turbine, but this will allow the turbines to be more efficient as a wind farm as the outgoing air flow will not interfere with the turbines behind.
    Specifically, the turbine's fractal blade will have a minimum of 2 levels of fractality, which will have at least two levels of fractality, in particular three in our design, which refer to the scale reduction of the blade itself in a relationship of powers of 1.6 (fractal dimension of 1.6 typical of the wind) that is applied as a design parameter to two other substructures and then three that make up the total of the blade, all under the same principle of operation and forming an entity. The set decomposes the blade into fractal iterations in the dimension x and y (blade profile rope and blade height).
    The turbine blades will have a variable pitch angle so that each element that makes up the blade is controlled at an angle. It comprises a grip system that makes them rotate in the opposite direction to the rotation of the platform that supports them, but slightly modifying the offset every 90º of revolution, for this the lower grip will have a stepper motor that thanks to this offset or modulation in its turn it will allow the variation of the angle of attack of these blades with respect to the wind.
    On the other hand, the blades will also have a variable geometry to adapt the shape of the blade to that which reduces the turbulence of the outgoing wind to a minimum, by means of the rear spoilers of the profile also fractalized, that is, one for each part of the blade . These ailerons are located in the rear parts of the fractal profile and are controlled in four positions: one neutral, two left, three neutral and four right, alternately and successively every 90º of a revolution.
    The geometry (spoiler) and the variable pitch angle (stepper motor offset) of the blades will be controlled by algorithm by means of a computer that adapts to the turbulence of the incoming flow to the turbine and reduces the turbulence of the wind flow outgoing from the turbine, both measures with a sensor network distributed by the wind farm. A software control algorithm written specifically for this invention is thus defined, which allows varying at any time the geometries of the elements that make up the fractal blade, in its x and y dimensions, completely independently seeking to adapt to a turbulent flow so that even The lower part of the blade can produce thrust with the wind entering in the opposite direction to that of the upper part, even turning the entire platform in the same direction, so that the turbine is suitable to work in the cases T explained in Figure 1 , where the wind in the low zone goes backwards than the wind in the high zone. That is, the invention of the fractal blade is claimed because its fractal decomposition structure in the width and height dimensions and the control algorithm allow it to produce thrust with a turbulent flow at the entrance of the same considered as a whole and deliver the thrust final to the axes that support it consistently (in a single direction). That is, unlike a traditional shovel, the present blade accepts turbulent flow (in several directions) and delivers the final thrust in a single direction, which makes it usable to produce the turn. This cannot be done by a traditional shovel.
    The grip of the blades for its support is an exclusively lower grip that rotates on an annular circular platform mounted on the ground in a circular track, this platform is joined by some radii to the vertical axis electric generator located in the center and there is no Both upper blade support. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
    To complement the description that will then be made and in order to help a better understanding of the characteristics of the invention, according to a preferred example of practical implementation thereof, a set of drawings is attached as an integral part of said description. where, for illustrative and non-limiting purposes, the following has been represented:
    Figure 1.- Shows a view of the symmetric aerodynamic profile of the blade that participates in a vertical axis fractal wind turbine made in accordance with the object of the present invention.
    Figure 2.- Shows the position of the rear wing on the profile of the blade of the previous figure.
    Figure 3.- Shows a schematic side view of the turbine.
    Figure 4.- Shows a top view of the turbine.
    Figure 5.- It shows, finally, a view of the situation of the generator in the center of an annular platform. PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
    In relation to the figures outlined, and specifically referring to Figure 1, the aerodynamic profile of the blade used in the turbine of the invention can be observed, a profile that is symmetrical, which allows it to work both in a negative and positive angle.
    Said symmetric profile NACA0012 is a traditional profile whose center of thrust is between 0.25 and 0.3 distances, counting from the leading edge.
    The blade generally referenced with (1) in Figures 1 and 2, is complemented by a rear wing (2) located on the profile of the blade (1), as shown in Figure 2, so that that position of the rear wing (2) provides a slight variation of the geometry, being able to face different wind directions with the angle of attack, but allowing the profile to be curved to work in a greater range of wind speeds.
    Figure 3 shows the complete blade, located in profile to the left of the figure,
    comprising four blades (1 ’) in lower scale directly mounted on a rotating platform (3), there are two larger blades (1´) with pivot axes (4) that
    they extend to the platform itself (3), and finally a shovel (1) at a higher height,
    also with its axis (4 ’) extended to the base of the annular platform (3). Besides, the
    The upper part of the blade is located at a greater radius, which allows a greater linear speed for identical angular speed, which is important since the distribution of wind speeds increases with height.
    Figure 4 shows the three blades (1) with their fractal components (1 ’) and (1’). For example, for a wind entered by the left as indicated by the arrows (5), we see that all the structures of the left blade are at 6º, causing a torque that turns the turbine clockwise. If in the low zone wind it enters slightly differently (turbulence), the 4 subpallets (1 ’) of lower scale could be oriented differently from the upper ones. In this scheme we see that the two blades on the right are in a position of minimum resistance, for this the sensors have to calculate the resulting wind direction seen by the blade, taking into account that the wind speed must add the relative linear speed of the blade (angular speed x radius of the platform) so that the profile does not cause turbulence in the turning area in which the blade is going against the wind.
    Figure 5 shows how the corresponding generator will be located in the center of the annular platform (3), showing in this figure a turbine with three fractal blades (1), each of them broken down in a ratio of scales multiplied by 1 , 6 the lower one, both in width and height.
    Regarding the structure of the turbine itself, say that it is of considerable size. In principle it could be up to about 300 meters high, since the blades rest exclusively on the bottom, and can be extended in height allowing the quality of their design and materials. This is a notable difference with the rest of vertical blade turbines, which rely on two circular structures, one above and one below. There is no need for a high central axis that reaches the maximum height of the blade, which is an advantage over Darrieus turbines, or of course a solid central column, as in traditional HAWT turbines with a height generator. Yes, one shaft is required in each blade, but its resistance requirements are 1/3 compared to those of a single-axis vertical turbine, so its attainable height is three times greater.
    To carry out the construction, the circular annular platform (3) at ground level will be required, on which the three blades (1) are inserted, preferably supported on a track also in the form of a circle that allows it to rotate. In the center of the track you will find the electric generator of vertical axis, large and built at ground level on suitable foundations, joined jointly by some radii to the annular platform mounted on the said circular track.
    The industrial application of the invention is framed within a wind farm, conceived systemically with a minimum possible distance between turbines, which would be at least 1 diameter, exclusively for reasons of access and operation, but not for turbulence issues, since that each turbine delivers the flow in minimum conditions necessary to the next. For example, in the case of strong wind, the blades would work at a minimum angle to divert only slightly the flow and extract a small part of the energy each element of the park, so that the last turbine of the series in the direction of the wind is the I already receive it at a lower speed. The extraction of the assembly is optimized, not the turbine. Suppose there was another case of turbulent winds that attack the same turbine in different directions, say that on one side of the circumference they were in the opposite direction: the distributed sensors would make the blades oriented properly, moving according to the position inside the angle of rotation of the set in such a way that they would generate torque even at the two points of the revolution.
    Another mode of operation of the wind farm that the invention would allow is the one we are going to
    to be called "stationary oven". For an entrance flow to the laminar park, such as
    turbines of the invention are very close, just at a diameter of distance, it is easy to calculate the angle of exit of the air of the previous turbine and according to the speed, to know the angle of entry to the next turbine. In this way the flow becomes oscillating from one turbine to another, with a lower frequency. This means that the Betz limit can be exceeded (considering the park as a whole), extracting all the energy from the wind leaving at the end a much lower exit speed. The idea is that although the
    optimum of the relationship between wind speed in and out of a given turbine in the park is less than the 3 to 1 stipulated by the Betz limit, if the outflow is still usable in the next turbine, it can be programmed an extraction chain that as a whole exceeds the indicated limit. The turbine proposed here distorts the 5 outflow very little (much less than the vertical Darrieus turbines and of course much less than the traditional three-axis horizontal turbines) since for 180º the blades are perfectly profiled against the wind offering minimum resistance and turbulence and during the remaining 180º in which the angle works it is reasonably optimal and computer controlled to generate little turbulence since we always work
    10 in laminar mode, on the entire height of the blade.
    权利要求:
    Claims (6)
    [1]
    one. Vertical axis fractal wind turbine, based on the use of fractal blades, characterized in that each fractal blade includes at least two levels of fractality, preferably three levels, of smaller and smaller scale as they approach their lower base, going the fractal blades (1-1'-1 '') mounted through respective vertical axes (4) and rotating on an equally rotating platform (3) associated with a generator.
    [2]
    2. Fractal wind turbine of vertical axis, according to claim 1, characterized in that the fractal blades are mounted so that their direction of rotation is inverse to that of the rotating platform, with means of modifying the offset every 90º of revolution, the lower grip being provided of the fractal blades incorporate a stepper motor, with means to allow the variation of the angle of attack of the fractal blades with respect to the wind.
    [3]
    3. Fractal wind turbine of vertical axis, according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the fractal blades have a computer controlled variable pitch angle.
    [4]
    Four. Fractal wind turbine of vertical axis, according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the fractal blades have a variable geometry in order to reduce the outgoing turbulence by means of rear spoilers (2) mounted on the corresponding profile of the corresponding fractal blade, presenting said rear wings (2) means for its control in four positions, one considered neutral, another left, another neutral, and another right alternately and successively every 90º of a revolution.
    [5]
    5. Fractal wind turbine of vertical axis, according to claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, characterized in that the computer control of the variable angle of the fractal blades is carried out by means of an algorithm based on the turbulence, counting on sensors distributed throughout the installation for measuring turbulence.
    [6]
    6. Fractal wind turbine of vertical axis, according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the fractal blades are moored inferiorly for their support by means of an exclusively lower and rotating grip on the circular and rotating platform itself (3), to whose platform it is joined, by means of radii , the corresponding vertical axis electric generator located in the center.
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